The Effects Of Alcoholism On The Native American Population

Most people do not end up becoming alcoholics because they are completely satisfied with their life, happy and joyful, and drinking only to celebrate. Yes, it is highly likely that genetics play an important role in the formation of the disease, but a majority of alcoholics drink because they have endured some great trauma. This can either be from trauma from an outside source or emotional turmoil from within. The difference between an alcoholic who drinks because of instances of domestic abuse or clinical depression versus a Native American alcoholic is that the average person’s alcoholism is symptomatic of individual experiences. Alcoholism among the native population is encouraged by overwhelming and uncontrollable outside cultural forces. This is all to say that when Louis writes about his recovery from alcoholism and the effects of the disease on the Native American population, he is reaching beyond the surface implications of excessive drink and moving toward the causes and conditions of that substance abuse. Alcoholism is representative of the struggles the people on Pine Ridge Reservation endure because of EuroAmerican oppression. â€Å"Beer, blood, soil, home† writes Louis on page 46. It is all one-in-the-same, representative of a larger trauma that needs to be healed. The Art of Confession While the act of confession carries a distinctly Roman Catholic connotation, it is a universally recognized practice. Murray-Swank et al. write, â€Å"Confessional rituals within IndianShow MoreRelatedIntegrating Holistic Modalities into Native American Alcohol Treatment1295 Words   |  6 PagesAlcoholism is identified by severe dependence or addiction and cumulative patterns of characteristic behaviors. An alcoholic’s frequent intoxication is obvious and destructive; interfering with the ability to socialize and work. These behavior patterns may lead to loss of work and relationships (Merck, 1999). Strong evidence suggests that alcoholism runs in families (Schuckit, 2009). According to a study published by Schuckit (1999) monozygotic twins were at a significantly higher risk of alcoholismRead MoreNative Americans and the Issue of Alcoholism Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing the European invasion in America, Native Americans came to endure many problems. While some have faded, others still linger on in their lives. The issue of alcohol and alcoholism is one of them. From settlers using it to deceive, to today’s issues on the reservation, alcohol has played a devastating role in the lives of Native Americans. Knowing how the issue of alcohol became such a predominate part of Native Americans lives will allow us to spawn ideas on how to end the problem. BeforeRead MoreEssay about Health Promotions Among Diverse Populations1555 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Header: Health Promotion Among Diverse Populations 1 Health Promotions among Diverse Populations Sheila S Erickson RN Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V-OL191 June 20, 2015 Health Promotions Among Diverse Populations 2 Marginalization of the Native American population is a result of colonialism; they were considered to be ignorant and hostiles by the â€Å"White† settlers, forced to live on reservations, lost their culture and values through assimilation and stripped of their rights in societyRead MoreThe Effects Of More Than A Century Of Repression Against The Indigenous Peoples Of The Americas832 Words   |  4 PagesThe effects of more than a century of repression against the indigenous peoples of the Americas are visible. In the United States, poor families in cheap government subsidized houses, youth who do not remember the history of their people and fall into the trap of drugs and alcohol like their parents; men and women trying to survive without employment, own land rented to white ranchers lost the use of its inhabitants. How are indigenous communities tremendously affected by alcohol? To better understandRead MoreAlcohol Abuse Within Native American Societies Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pageslives, relationships and families all over the world. Native Americans seem to have suffered immensely by it. Since the coming of the Englishmen and the introduction of new knowledge and to ols Native people have been trying to hold on to their own culture and their own way of life. Unfortunately with them came new items for consumption, alcohol was one of the main ingredients to the internal downfall of Native populations. Native American populations suffer greatly due to the ongoing epidemic of substanceRead MoreWhat are the Causes of Alcholism and How Can We Prevent It? Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagescommon virtue and many people take drinking beyond social and celebration environments. Many Americans suffer from a disease known as alcoholism, it is not only the addiction to, but the inability to function without alcohol. Just like many other substances, in excess alcohol can create many issues within the body both mentally and physically, this is the issue behind alcoholism. Alcoholism, The Cause and Effects Alcohol has been around since ancient times, the original purpose was to treat water forRead MoreAlcohol And Its Effects On Alcohol1403 Words   |  6 Pagesmay not be suited for a majority of the population because people like to partake in drinking. Imbibing in alcohol is a tradition in many parts of the country. We use alcohol for celebrations, traditions, socialization and combining food flavors with specific alcohols. Forgetting that too much can lead to many issues and problems like alcoholism, liver disease and contraindications with other medications. Alcohol was extremely detrimental to the native Americans of this land. Keywords: alcohol, traditionRead MoreAlcoholism And Alcohol Dependence Among Native Americans Essay1821 Words   |  8 PagesRegardless of identity, alcoholism is a serious problem that affects all populations. Yet nationwide, the alcohol dependency rate is six times greater for Native Americans than that of the general population, according to estimates from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2014). Alcoholism and alcohol-related problems have created serious issues in Native American communities, but in recent decades, substantial advances have been found to understand sources and solutions to these problemsRead MoreThe Poor Condition Of Native Americans1184 Words   |  5 Pagescontributed to the abysmal condition of Native Americans in the United States. Two of which had the most impact have been poverty and alcoholism. There are many possible reasons why Native American’s were introduced to alcohol. For instance, their religious practice incorporated alc ohol to be able to achieve a transcendent experience. It was not escape from reality that Native Americans sought, but more about fulfillment and discovery of oneself. However, Native Americans were uneducated of how potent alcoholRead MoreEssay on Alcoholism and Pine Ridge Indian Reservation2231 Words   |  9 Pages Alcoholism is one of our nation’s largest social issues to date, and carries with it many negative aspects, the most dire being death at the hands of this disease. Alcohol and alcoholism have been part of societies for centuries. This habit was brought over to the new world when the first settlers landed on the shores of what was to become America. Furthermore, in bringing alcohol to this new land an entire nation of Native American Indians were introduced to a product that has affected them more

Immigration Problems in the United States Essay - 1191 Words

Immigration problems are not just a problem in Arizona but a problem throughout the United States. The definition in the Webster dictionary, an illegal immigrant or alien is a non-citizen whom has entered the United States without government permission or who has stayed beyond the termination date of the visa is consider an illegal immigrant or alien. Arizona’s newly enacted immigration law, which was meant to stem human trafficking and drug-related border violence, has been criticized by many as a way of racial profiling. The House Bill 2126 which makes it a state misdemeanor crime for any illegal alien to be in Arizona without carrying registration documents’ required by the federal law. The bill also helps the state and local law†¦show more content†¦The controversy of this bill has caused uproar throughout Arizona and has brought national attention to the United States an international attention throughout Mexico. The president of Mexico has given an adviso ry message to all Mexicans citizens traveling to the United States warning them that they may be harassed by law enforcement due to the safe neighborhoods act that was passed. I strongly feel that this law should be imposed throughout the United States due to the fact that there are illegal immigrants all over the country and not just the Hispanic’s. The Arizona’s newly enacted immigration law has a number of pros’s and con’s, which can could help reduce the number of illegal immigrants in the state of Arizona but could possibly lead to racial profiling. Individuals must bear in mind that some of the illegal immigrants who come over are actually hardcore criminals; someone is kidnapped every thirty five hours in Phoenix, Ariz., often by agents of alien smuggling organizations. The bill would help control illegal immigrants here in the U.S. used as supply of cheap illegal labor has driven down the pay for construction jobs and general labor. In industries such as meatpacking the story is the same, the prime example of this is a blue collar jobs once paid eighteen dollars to twenty dollars, or more an hour they now payShow MoreRelatedThe Immigration Problem Of The United States1429 Words   |  6 PagesThe Solution to Our Immigration Problem: Expedite the Process The United States of America is facing a huge dilemma. This is the current immigration process and legalization of illegal migrants. It seems like nowadays immigration is all we hear about and how it is the only policy on which our population cares about. Which is sensible, because of all the refugees coming into America seeking asylum from their war torn countries. America has always been a glittering beacon to immigrants in foreignRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is A Problem For The United States1361 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal immigration has been a problem for the United States for a long time. This is not a new phenomenon and thousands of illegal immigrants have come into US through either the Mexico border, the Pacific Ocean, or through many other ways. Some people entered in country legally through a visit visa, but then have stayed illegally and are working in various places. Illegal immigration is a double enclosed sword; one hand it provide the local economy with cost benefi ts as the illegal immigrants areRead MoreThe Illegal Immigration Problem Of The United States Essay2173 Words   |  9 PagesLone Star- North Harris THE ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION PROBLEM IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY MIDTERM RESEARCH PAPER Amee Jagtap Immigration Law Professor Delesandri OCTOBER 19, 2016 ABSTRACT: Illegal immigration into the United States is occurring at massive scale. 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Ever since president Barrack Obama first went into office, immigration has been one of his top priorities. But over time, neither the Republicans nor the Democrats were able to come to a compromise on the issue. â€Å"The political debate over illegal immigration has been a roller coaster ride ever since it was brought up in 2007† (MarcovitzRead MoreChinese Exclusion Act and Immigration Problems in the United States1516 Words   |  7 Pagesact exiled Chinese laborers from arriving in the United States. This was the first time ever that a specific ethnicity was banned from immigrating to the U.S.A. Racism against the Chinese was strong, so the ban remained for ten years, but was eventually made â€Å"permanent†. However, China soon became a war ally in World War II, so the ban was repealed in 1943. There are many issues concerning immigration and racism that still plague the United States today. 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Impact of Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 VI. Illegal Immigration problem VII. Conclusion I. Introduction The United States has always been considered a countryRead MoreImmigration And The United States1464 Words   |  6 Pages Immigration has always been a complex issue in the United States. Previous and current administrations have had great difficulties in setting policies and programs in place to address this problem. During the course of American history, laws were enacted to address such issues. There were numerous legislative milestones in regards to immigration in the United States. In order to understand the current issues regarding immigration, we have to look back at the policies that were in placeRead MoreImmigration : The Ongoing Question1419 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration: The Ongoing Question It was estimated in 2014 that there were at least 11.3 million unauthorized immigrants in the United States. Illegal immigration has been in the headlines for the last ten years and will forever plague the United States of America. New immigration policy such as the â€Å"Priority Enforcement Program† was implemented in 2015, and programs like these are one of the main topics up for debate in the upcoming election. Over seventy-five percent of people deported back to

Fool Chapter 4 Free Essays

string(25) " of France and Burgundy\." FOUR THE DRAGON AND HIS WRATH[18] â€Å"Don’t despair, lad,† I said to Taster. â€Å"It’s not as grim as it looks. The bastard will stay Edgar and I’m relatively sure that France and Burgundy are buggering each other and would never let a princess come between them – although I’ll wager they’d borrow her wardrobe were it not guarded – so the day is saved. We will write a custom essay sample on Fool Chapter 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cordelia will remain in the White Tower to torment me as always.† We were in an antechamber off the great hall. Taster sat, head in hands, looking paler than normal, a mountain of food piled before him on the table. â€Å"The king doesn’t like dates, does he?† asked Taster. â€Å"Not likely he’ll eat any of the dates that were brought as gifts, right?† â€Å"Did Goneril or Regan gift them?† â€Å"Aye, a whole larder they brought with them.† â€Å"Sorry, lad, you’ve work ahead, then. How it is you’re not as fat as a friar, with all you’re required to eat, is beyond me.† â€Å"Bubble says I must have a city of worms living up my bum, but that ain’t it. I’ve a secret, if you won’t tell anyone – â€Å" â€Å"Go on lad, I’m hardly paying attention.† â€Å"What about him?† He nodded to Drool, who was sitting in the corner petting one of the castle cats. â€Å"Drool,† I called, â€Å"is Taster’s secret safe with you?† â€Å"As dim as a snuffed candle, he is,† said the git in my voice. â€Å"Telling a secret to Drool is like casting ink in the night sea.† â€Å"See there,† said I. â€Å"Well,† said Taster, looking around as if anyone would want to be in our miserable company. â€Å"I’m sick a lot.† â€Å"Of course you are, it’s the bloody Dark Ages, everyone has the plague or the pox. It’s not like you’re leprous and dropping fingers and toes like rose petals, is it?† â€Å"No, not sick like that. I just vomit nearly every time I eat.† â€Å"So you’re a little chunder-monkey. Not to worry, Taster, you keep it down long enough for it to kill you, don’t you?† â€Å"I reckon.† He nibbled at a stuffed date. â€Å"Duty done, then. All’s well that ends well. But back to my concerns: Do you think France and Burgundy are poofters,[19] or are they, you know, just fucking French?† â€Å"I’ve never even seen them,† Taster said. â€Å"Oh, quite right. What about you, Drool? Drool? Stop that!† Drool pulled the damp kitten out of his mouth. â€Å"But it were licking me first. You said it was only proper manners – â€Å" â€Å"I was talking about something completely different. Put the cat down.† The heavy door creaked open and the Earl of Kent slipped into the room, as stealthy as a church bell rolling down stairs. Kent’s a broad-shouldered bull of a fellow, and while he moves with great strength for his grandfather years, Grace and Subtlety remain blushing virgins in his retinue. â€Å"There you are, boy.† â€Å"What boy?† said I. â€Å"I see no boy here.† True, I only stand to Kent’s shoulder, and it would take two of me and a suckling pig to balance him on a scale, but even a fool requires some respect, except from the king, of course. â€Å"Fine, fine. I just wanted to tell you not to make sport of feebleness nor age tonight. The king’s been brooding all week about ‘crawling unburdened to the grave.’ I think it’s the weight of his sins.† â€Å"Well, if he weren’t so dog-fuckingly old there would be no temptation toward mirth, would there? Not my fault, that.† Kent grinned then. â€Å"Pocket, you would not willfully hurt your master.† â€Å"Aye, Kent, and with Goneril and Regan and their lords in the hall there’ll be no need to jest geriatric. Is that why the king has kept company only with you this week, brooding upon his years? He hasn’t been planning on marrying off Cordelia then?† â€Å"He’s spoken of it, but only as part of his entire legacy, of property and history. He seemed set on a course to hold the kingdom steady when I last left him. He bade me leave while he gave private audience to the bastard, Edmund.† â€Å"He’s talking to Edmund? Alone?† â€Å"Aye. The bastard drew on his father’s years of service for the favor.† â€Å"I must go to the king. Kent, stay here with Drool, if you would. There’s food and drink to hold you. Taster, show good Kent the best of those dates. Taster? Taster? Drool, shake Taster, he appears to have fallen asleep.† Fanfare sounded then, a single anemic trumpet, the other three trumpeters having recently succumbed to herpes. (A sore on the lip is as bad as an arrow in the eye to a trumpeter. The chancellor had them put down, or maybe they’d just been made drummers. They weren’t blowing bloody fanfare, that’s all I’m saying.) Drool put down his kitten and climbed to his feet. â€Å"With grave offense to daughters three, Alas, the king a fool shall be,† said the giant in a lilting female voice. â€Å"Where did you hear that, Drool? Who said that?† â€Å"Pretty,† said Drool, massaging the air with his great meaty paws as if caressing a woman’s breasts. â€Å"Time to go,† said Kent. The old warrior threw open the door into the hall. They stood all around the great table – round after the tradition of some long forgotten king – the center open to the floor where servants served, orators orated, and Drool and I performed. Kent took his place near the king’s throne. I stood with some yeomen to the side of the fire and motioned for Drool to find a place to hide behind one of the stone pillars that supported the vault. Fools do not have a place at the table. Most times I served at the foot of the king, providing quips, criticisms, and brilliant observations through the meal, but only after he had called for me. Lear had not called for a week. He came into the room head up, scowling at each of his guests until his eye lit on Cordelia and he smiled. He motioned for everyone to sit and they did. â€Å"Edmund,† said the king, â€Å"fetch the princes of France and Burgundy. You read "Fool Chapter 4" in category "Essay examples"† Edmund bowed to the king and backed toward the main entrance of the hall, then looked to me, winked, and motioned for me to come join him. Dread rose in my chest like a black serpent. What had the bastard done? I should have cut his throat when I’d had the chance. I sidled down the side wall, the bells on the tips of my shoes conspicuously unhelpful in concealing my movement. The king looked to me, then away, as if the sight of me might cause rot on his eye. Once through the door Edmund pulled me roughly aside. The big yeoman at the threshold lowered the blade of his halberd an inch and frowned at the bastard. Edmund released me and looked bewildered, as if his own hand had betrayed him. (I bring food and drink to the guards when they are on post during feasts. I believe it is written in the Obfuscations of St. Pesto: â€Å"In nine cases out of ten, a large friend with a poleax shall truly a blessing be.†) â€Å"What have you wrought, bastard?† I whispered with great fury and no little spit. â€Å"Only what you wanted, fool. Your princess will have no husband, that I can assure, but even your sorceries won’t keep you safe if you reveal my strategy.† â€Å"My sorceries? What? Oh, the ghost.† â€Å"Yes, the ghost, and the bird. When I was crossing the battlement, a raven called me a tosser and shat on my shoulder.† â€Å"Right, my minions are everywhere,† said I, â€Å"and you’re right to fear my canny mastery of the heavenly orbs and command of spirits and whatnot. But lest I unleash something unpleasant upon you, tell me, what did you say to the king?† Edmund smiled then, which I found more unsettling than his blade. â€Å"I heard the princesses speaking amongst themselves about their affections for their father earlier in the day, and was enlightened to their character. I merely hinted to the king that he might ease his burden with the same knowledge.† â€Å"What knowledge?† â€Å"Go find out, fool. I’m off to fetch Cordelia’s suitors.† And he was away. The guard held the door and I slipped back into the hall and to a spot near the table. The king, it seemed, had only then finished a roll call of sorts, naming each of his friends and family at court, proclaiming his affection for each, and in the cases of Kent and Gloucester, recalling their long history of battles and conquests together. Bent, white-haired, and slight is the king, but there is a cold fire in his eye still – his visage puts one in mind of a hunting bird fresh unhooded and set for its kill. â€Å"I am old, and my burdens of responsibility and property weigh heavily on me, so to avoid conflict in the future, I propose to divide my kingdom among younger strengths now, so I may crawl to the grave light of heart.† â€Å"What better than a light-hearted grave crawl?† I said softly to Cornwall, villainous twat that he is. I crouched between him and his duchess, Regan. Princess Regan: tall, fair, raven-haired, with a weakness for plunging red velvet gowns and another for rascals, both grievous faults had they not played out so pleasurably for this teller of tales. â€Å"Oh, Pocket, did you get the stuffed dates I sent you?† Regan asked. And generous to a fault as well. â€Å"Shhhhhh, bunny cunny,† I shushed. â€Å"Father is speaking.† Cornwall drew his dagger and I moved along the table to Goneril’s side. Lear went on: â€Å"These properties and powers I will divide between my sons-in-law, the Duke of Albany and the Duke of Cornwall, and that suitor who takes the hand of my beloved Cordelia, but so I may determine who shall have the most bounteous share, I ask of my daughters: Which of you loves me most? Goneril, my eldest born, speak first.† â€Å"No pressure, pumpkin,† I whispered. â€Å"I have this, fool,† she snapped, and with a great smile and no little grace, she made her way around the outside of the round table and to the opening at the center, bowing to each of the guests as she went. She is shorter and rather more round than her sisters, more generously padded in bosom and bustle, her eyes a grey sky short of emerald, her hair a yellow sun short of ginger. Her smile falls on the eye like water on the tongue of a thirst-mad sailor. I slid into her chair. â€Å"A handsome creature is she,† I said to the Duke of Albany. â€Å"That one breast, the way it juts a bit to the side – when she’s naked, I mean – does that bother you at all? Make you wonder what it’s looking at over there – bit like a wall-eyed man you think is always talkin’ to someone else?† â€Å"Hush, fool,† Albany said. He is nearly a score years older than Goneril, goatish and dull, methinks, but somewhat less of a scoundrel than the average noble. I do not loathe him. â€Å"Mind you, it’s obviously part of the pair, not some breast-errant off on a quest of its own. I like a bit of asymmetry in a woman – makes me suspicious when Nature’s too evenhanded – fearful symmetry and all. But it’s not like you’re shaggin’ a hunchback or anything – I mean, once she’s on ‘er back it’s hard to get either one of them to look you in the eye, innit?† â€Å"Shut up!† barked Goneril, having turned her back on her father – which one is never supposed to do – in order to scold me. Bloody clumsy etiquette that. â€Å"Sorry. Go on,† said I, waving her on with Jones, who jingled gaily. â€Å"Sir,† she addressed the king, â€Å"I love you more than words can say. I love you more than eyesight, space, and liberty. I love you beyond anything that can be valued, rich or rare. No less than life itself, with grace, health, beauty, and honor. As much as any child or father has loved, so I love thee. A love that takes my breath away and makes me scarcely able to speak. I love you above all things, even pie.† â€Å"Oh bollocks!† Who had said it? I was relatively sure it was not my voice, as it hadn’t come from the normal hole in my face, and Jones had been silent as well. Cordelia? I scooted out of Goneril’s chair and scampered to the junior princess’s side, staying low to avoid attention or flying cutlery. â€Å"Bloody buggering bollocks!† said Cordelia. Lear, refreshed from his shower of flowered bullshit, said, â€Å"What?† I stood then. â€Å"Well, sirrah, lovable as thou art, the lady’s profession strains credibility. It’s no secret how much the bitch loves pie.† I crouched again quickly. â€Å"Silence, fool! Chamberlain, bring me the map.† The distraction had worked, the king’s ire had turned from Cordelia to me. She took the opportunity to poke me in the ear-lobe with her fork. â€Å"Ouch!† Whispered, yet emphatic. â€Å"Tart.† â€Å"Knave.† â€Å"Harpy.† â€Å"Rodent.† â€Å"Whore.† â€Å"Whoremonger.† â€Å"Do you have to pay to be a whoremonger? Because strictly speaking – â€Å" â€Å"Shhh,† she said, grinning. She poked me in the ear again, then nodded toward the king, that we should pay attention. The king pointed to the map with a bejeweled dagger. â€Å"All these lands, from here to here, with rich farmlands, bounteous rivers, and deep forests, I do grant to Goneril and her husband, Albany, and to their offspring in perpetuity. Now, we must hear from our second daughter. Dearest Regan, wife to Cornwall. Speak.† Regan made her way to the center floor, looking down at her older sister, Goneril, as she passed, as if to say, â€Å"I’ll show you.† She raised her arms out to her sides, trailing the long, velvet sleeves down to the floor so she described the shape of a grand and bosomy crucifix. She looked to the ceiling as if drawing inspiration from the heavenly orbs themselves, then pronounced: â€Å"What she said.† â€Å"Huh?† said the king, and verily â€Å"huh† was echoed around the room. Regan seemed to realize that she should probably go on. â€Å"My sister has expressed my thoughts exactly – as if she may have looked at my notes even before we here entered. Except I love thee more. In the list of all senses, all fall short, and I am touched by nothing but your love.† She bowed then, looking up a bit to see if anyone was buying it. â€Å"I’m going to be sick,† said Cordelia, probably louder than was really necessary, as were the coughing and gagging noises she perpetrated thereafter. Deflecting, I stood and said, â€Å"She’s been touched by a bit more than his majesty’s love, I dare say. I mean, in this very room I can name – â€Å" The king shot me his best Must I chop off your head? look and I fell silent. He nodded and looked to the map. â€Å"To Regan and Cornwall I leave this third of the kingdom, no smaller or less valuable than that bestowed upon Goneril. Now, Cordelia, our joy, who is courted by so many eligible young nobles, what can you say to receive a third more opulent than your sisters?† Cordelia stood at her chair, not making her way to the middle of the room as her sisters had. â€Å"Nothing,† she said. â€Å"Nothing?† asked the king. â€Å"Nothing.† â€Å"You’ll get nothing for nothing,† said Lear. â€Å"Speak again.† â€Å"Well, you can’t blame her, really, can you?† I interjected. â€Å"I mean you’ve given all the good bits to Goneril and Regan, haven’t you? What’s left, a bit of Scotland rocky enough to starve a sheep and this poxy river near Newcastle?† I’d taken the liberty of going over to the map. â€Å"I’d say nothing is a fair start for bargaining. You should counter with Spain, majesty.† Now Cordelia moved to the center of the room. â€Å"I’m sorry, Father, that I can’t heave my heart into my mouth like my sisters. I love you according to my bond as a daughter, no more, no less.† â€Å"Be careful what you say, Cordelia,† said Lear. â€Å"Your dowry is draining away with every word.† â€Å"My lord, you have sired me, raised me, and loved me. I return those duties back, as is proper: I obey you, love you, and most honor you. But how can my sisters say they love you above all? They have husbands. Don’t they have to reserve some love for them?† â€Å"Yes, but have you met their husbands?† said I. There was growling from various points around the table. How can you call yourself a noble if you’ll just start growling for no reason. Uncivilized, it is. â€Å"When I shall marry, you can rest assured that my husband will get at least half my care and half my love as well. To say anything else I’d be lying to you.† This was Edmund’s doing, I was sure of it. Somehow he’d known that Cordelia would answer this way and had convinced the king to ask the question. And she did not know that her father had been wrestling with his own mortality and worth for the week. I hopped over to the princess and whispered, â€Å"Lying now would be the better part of valor. Repent later. Throw the old gent a bone, lass.† â€Å"So this is how you feel?† asked the king. â€Å"Aye, my lord. It is.† â€Å"So young and so untender,† said Lear. â€Å"So young, my lord, and true,† said Cordelia. â€Å"So young, and so bloody stupid,† said the puppet Jones. â€Å"Fine, child. So be it. Let your truth be your dowry, then. For by the radiance of the sun, the dark of the night, all the saints, the Holy Mother, the orbs of the sky, and Nature herself, I disown you.† In his spirituality Lear is – well – flexible. When pressed for a curse or a blessing he will sometimes invoke gods from a half-dozen pantheons, just to be sure to catch the ear of whichever might be on watch that day. â€Å"No property, land, or title shall be yours. Cannibals of darkest Merica, who would sell their own young in the meat market, shall be closer to me than you, my used-to-be daughter.† I wondered about that. No one had ever seen a Merican, being as they are mythical. Legend goes that in the name of profit they did sell the limbs of their own children as food – that was before they burned the world, of course. Since I didn’t expect a state visit from the merchant cannibals of the apocalypse anytime soon, it appeared my liege was either herniating the metaphor or speaking the tongue of a frothing nutter. Kent stood then. â€Å"My liege!† â€Å"Sit down, Kent!† the king barked. â€Å"Come not between the dragon and his wrath. I loved her the best, and hoped that she would take care of me in my dotage, but since she doesn’t love me enough, only in the grave will there be peace for Lear.† Cordelia looked more confused than hurt. â€Å"But, Father – â€Å" â€Å"Out of my sight! Where is France? Where is Burgundy? Finish this business! Goneril, Regan, your younger sister’s share of the kingdom shall be divided between you. Let Cordelia marry her own pride. Cornwall and Albany shall divide the power and property of a king evenly. I shall retain only my title and enough of a stipend to maintain one hundred knights and their carriers. You shall keep me from month to month in your own castles, but the kingdom shall be yours.† â€Å"Royal Lear, this is madness!† Kent again, now making his way around the table to the center floor. â€Å"Careful, Kent,† said Lear. â€Å"The bow of my anger is bent, don’t make me loose the arrow.† â€Å"Loose it if you must. You’d kill me for being bold enough to tell you that you’re mad? The best of loyalty is that a loyal man has the courage to speak plainly when his leader moves to folly. Reverse your decision, sir. Your youngest daughter doesn’t love you least because she’s quiet, any more than those who speak loudest are the most sincere.† The older sisters and their husbands were on their feet at that. Kent glared at them. â€Å"No more, Kent,† the king warned. â€Å"On your life, not another word.† â€Å"What has my life ever been, but a thing I risked in service for you? Protecting you? Threaten my life as you will, it will not stop me from telling you that you do wrong, sir!† Lear started to draw his sword then and I knew he had truly lost all sense of judgment, if turning on his favorite daughter and closest advisor and friend hadn’t shown it already. If Kent decided to defend himself he’d go through the old man like a scythe through a wheat straw. It was unfolding too fast, even for a fool to stay the king’s blade with wit. I could only watch. But Albany moved quickly down the table and stayed the king’s hand, pushing his sword back down into the scabbard. Kent grinned then, the old bear, and I saw that he wouldn’t have drawn blade on the old man at all. He would have died to make his point to the king. What’s more, Lear knew it, too, but there was no mercy in his eye and the madness had gone cold. He shook himself free of Albany’s grasp, and the duke backed away. When Lear spoke again his voice was low, restrained, but palsied with hate: â€Å"Hear me, thou traitorous ferret. No one challenges my authority, my decisions, or my vows – to do so on British land is death, and in the rest of the known world is war. I’ll not have it. Your years of service noted, I give you your life, but only your life, and never again in my sight. You have five days, Kent, to provision yourself, and on the sixth day, turn your back on our kingdom forever. If twelve days pass and you are still in the land, your life is forfeit. Now go, this is my decree and it shall not be revoked.† Kent was shaken. This was not the blade he had braced for. He bowed then. â€Å"Fare thee well, king. I go, for I dare to question a power so high that you give it away for a flattering tongue.† He turned to Cordelia then: â€Å"Take heart, girl, you’ve spoken truly and done nothing wrong. May the gods protect you.† He turned on a heel, putting his back to the king, something I’d never seen him do before, and marched out, pausing only a second to look at Regan and Goneril. â€Å"Well lied, you spiteful bitches.† I wanted to cheer the old brute, write a poem for him, but the hall had fallen silent and the sound of the great oaken door closing behind Kent echoed through the hall like the first thunder of a world-breaking storm. â€Å"Well,† said I, dancing to the middle of the floor. â€Å"I think that went about as well as could be expected.† How to cite Fool Chapter 4, Essay examples

Challenges Managing Global Teams Free-Samplesâ€Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Challenges to Managing Global Teams. Answer: Challenges to Managing Global Teams Balkundi and Harrison (2006) in Ties, leaders, and time in teams: Strong inference about network structures effects on team viability and performance note that one of the key objectives of any business organization is to experience growth and expansion. This process is always scheduled to take place within a given period of time. The process of expansion involves a number of strategies which includes exploring new market opportunities, exercising consumer segmentation, identification of strategic production locations in addition to ensuring consistency in supplies and customer satisfaction. As highlighted by Beer and Spector (2000) in Why change programs dont produce change, the growth of an organization may take various trends. While some organizations are limited to growing their boundaries to fit within the domestic market, larger companies tend to pursue global targets. As a result, these companies establish business strategies which see them locating various subsidiaries in diff erent countries across the world. Such organizations are referred to as multinationals. Some examples of popular multinationals include the Coca Cola Company, Samsung Electronics, Apple as well as Microsoft Corporation. Despite their wide scope of operations which cover most parts of the universe, and a relatively wider market base, these organizations are governed by central structure of leadership. The standard organizational design set by the company is intended to govern all the operations in the various countries where the subsidiaries are located. This leadership approach tends to be a challenge in most cases due to the varying trends from one country to another. There is therefore a crucial need for each international organization to enhance flexibility in the execution of its management strategies. This would adequately handle the pitfalls which come with managing global teams. Bergiel and Balsmeier (2008) in Nature of virtual teams: A summary of their advantages and disadvantages argue that one of the common challenges associated with managing global teams is the aspect of poor communication. Each country is characterized by its unique set of languages which may both be ethnic and national languages. At the same time, the forms of communication as used by societies and individuals tend to vary as one moves from one country to another. In a case where the global teams comprise people from difference linguistic backgrounds, effective communication of company values to the employees becomes quite a challenge. There are two basic forms of communication which include formal and informal approaches. In countries such as the United Arab Emirates, the society basically upholds an extremely formal approach to communication. The interaction between individuals in the day to day life activities and especially in the organizational set ups is always maintained at very formal levels. On the other hand, the mode of communication in countries such the United States of America is mainly characterized by informal approaches which also includes the use of informal language during interactions. According to Cascio (2000) in Managing a virtual workplace, managing a global team comprising individuals from different set ups would be quite a challenge. Such obstacles in effective communication caused by variations in responses to information may lead to misinterpretation of messages and misunderstanding among the employees. As a result, managers ought to come up with both common and flexible communication strategies in a bid to ensure that the information passed reaches all the global employees in good and equal measure. Hamilton and Scandura (2003) in E-Mentoring: Implications for Organizational. Learning and Development in a Wired World, note that variations in cultures is another challenge which could be associated with management at a global level. Global management basically involves working with individuals from different countries but with a careful consideration of the organizations key values and objectives. It is however notable that the cultural approaches to certain aspects of life, for instance leadership, may vary as one moves from one place to another. As a result, the perception of these individuals to the nature of leadership bestowed upon them equally varies depending on their cultural beliefs. For instance in certain cultures, the natives believe in being led by one of their own. As added by Hart and McLeod (2003) in Rethinking team building in geographically dispersed teams: One message at a time, a management strategy involving the leadership of a foreign individual is likely to meet a lot of resistance in certain situations. This particular challenge explains why multinational companies such as Apple, Del and Samsung are yet to find a stable market in some parts of Europe and Africa. Managing a people who are rigidly protective of their cultures and traditions becomes quite a challenge especially when the leadership approach involves the use of principles which violate these cultural beliefs in one way or the other. The approaches used in managing global teams ought to be flexible enough to fit the various differences in cultural backgrounds which the managers are likely to deal with in such global settings. The management structure may need to bend its leadership strategies and approaches in order to effectively respond to the cultural needs present in the global teams. The other challenge of management of global teams is the difference in the levels of development. As noted by Hertel, Geister and Konradt (2005) in Managing virtual teams: A review of current empirical research, while some countries are already developed, there are those global market areas established in countries which are still developing. The rates of development in turn influences a number of aspects for instance high levels of infrastructure and economic stability is likely to be experienced in the developed global environments. When a team is made up of individuals coming from areas with different levels of development, their perception and reception towards the established management approaches may be different. According to the author, in the developed world, the use of information technology has been largely incorporated into business management. This involves the use of computerized approaches in monitoring sales, making orders, executing productions, packaging and even br anding. IT incorporation may also involve the use of sophisticated approaches such as mobile computing in communication and actualization of e-Commerce. On the other hand, the level of technology has not hit maximum heights in the developing countries. Consequently, the reception of individuals from such regions to the incorporation of technology in management may be quite a challenge. Managing a team in which the individuals have different technical abilities goes a long way in hindering the effective incorporation of new and efficient leadership approaches. For example, the Telecommunication companies have to incorporate staff training in their management approaches in order to expose their global employees before entrusting them with organizational responsibilities. This process might be costly to the management hence the need for the appropriate alternative approaches. According to Jarvenpaa and Leidner (1999) in Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams, the varying trends in political systems also play a crucial role in influencing management at a global level. Each country is characterized by a unique political system and hence a particular form of leadership which is meant to regulate activities within the country. The form of leadership influences the policies which are put in place to govern the operations of the foreign investors. For instance, in countries such as South Africa, the policies are quite stringent on the employment of more foreigners in the business organizations at the expense of the natives. It therefore becomes quite a challenge for the foreign investors to have the right control over the kind of people to employ and trust with responsibilities. This in turn may interfere with the quality of the outcome during the organizational operations. The alternative approach here would involve training the natives instead of bri nging in foreign employees, an approach which may be quite expensive to the organization. It can therefore be deduced that the nature of government policies, as influenced by the political systems, influences the acceptable leadership standards which an international organization may apply on its global teams. Some of the policies for instance on labor, employment and human rights may over-cushion the employees hence giving the organization minimal control over the eventual output. According to Kramer (2005) in Developing Global Leaders: Enhancing Competencies and Accelerating the Expatriate Experience, differences in age, class, educational achievements as well as the sexual orientations also lead to challenges when it comes to managing global teams. When the team comprises individuals characterized by wide age gaps, it may be practically impossible to work with the same management principles on each of these individuals. The young employees perception to leadership may be quite different from what the old folks within the team may take it to be. At the same time, different educational achievements lead to differences in class. Educational achievement could be linked to good experience, knowledge and hence skills on the given area of expertise. As pointed out by Linkow (2008) in Meeting the Challenges of Dispersed Workforce: Managing Across Language, Culture, Time and Location, dealing with knowledgeable and self-motivated individuals within the team may be qu ite manageable. However, due to the different qualities of the education systems as one moves from one global arena to another, a team may be made up of workers who are not adequately exposed on their areas of duty. It therefore becomes a major challenge especially to the managers when it comes to establishing a standard approach in managing such a team (Stark and Bierly, 2009). While one crop of people would require little attention due to their skills and attitude towards work, the other crop would need the managers attention in most cases. The latter situation goes long way in hindering the faster growth of the organization. This is because the resources and time used to help up the inexperienced members of the human resource department could have been diverted to serve in other sectors. Consequently, when the global teams comprise people who are different from each other based on the aspects mentioned above, the managers tend to meet various obstacles in their bid to enhance org anizational expansion. Oertig and Buergi (2006) in The Challenges of Managing Cross-Cultural Virtual Project Teams argue that an individuals bargaining power can simply be described as the asking price that a person may quote in exchange for the services offered. Employees in organizations also have values which are suggested to the managers as the terms of remuneration and motivation. Due to the changing economic times, the employees bargaining power tend to change from one nation to another. In stable economies the bargaining power is most likely to be lower than the case in unstable economies. As noted by Pauleen (2003) in Leadership in a global virtual team: an action learning approach, when managing global teams comprising individuals with different expectations in terms of remuneration and motivation, it becomes a challenge for the managers when it comes to establishing a common remuneration scheme for all team members especially when they work in the same department. According to Rosen, Furst and Blackburn (2007) in Overcoming barriers to knowledge sharing in virtual teams, appropriate management of a team involves the establishment of close ties between the managers and the team members. This implies, the managers might need to physically access the locations of these individuals. Managing global teams becomes a challenge especially when the team members are separated from each other by long distance. Geographical distances may imply long period of time in travelling in order to establish the progress of the team workers in terms of the allocated responsibilities (McCuiston, Wooldrige and Pierce, 2004). This approach may not only be time consuming but might involve the use of resources which is costly to the organization. For instance, the top cream leaders in Coca Cola Company Limited always have to carry out occasional visits to the host countries in order to monitor the progress of the subsidiaries. The alternative management approach here wo uld involve the use of online media in order to carry out virtual management of these teams without having to travel to the location (Schnake, 2007). This process is however challenged by the poor infrastructural networks in some parts of the world which may make the virtual connections hard to achieve. Review Summary From the review of relevant and carefully assorted literature, a number of challenges associated with the management of global teams can be deduced. To begin with, the variations in cultural beliefs influence individuals approaches to leadership styles. This may challenge the management strategies especially when the leadership principles are resisted. There is also the change in employee bargaining power which makes it hard for the managers to establish a common remuneration scheme. The aspect of ineffective communication is another challenge especially in a situation where the team members are from different linguistic backgrounds. Finally, variations in political systems in countries have been highlighted as another challenge to effective management in the global arena. References Argenti, P. and Beck, K. (2005) The strategic communication imperative. MIT Sloan Management Review, 46(1), pp. 8389. Argyris, C. and Schn, D. (2006) Organizational learning II: A theory of action perspective. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Balkundi, P. and Harrison, A. (2006) Ties, leaders, and time in teams: Strong inference about network structures effects on team viability and performance. Academy of Management, 49(1), pp. 4968. Beer, M. and Spector, B. (2000) Why change programs dont produce change. Harvard Business Review, 68(6), pp. 158166. Bergiel, E. and Balsmeier, P. (2008) Nature of virtual teams: A summary of their advantages and disadvantages. Management Research News, 31(2), 99-110. Cascio, W. (2000) Managing a virtual workplace. Academy of Management Executive, 14(3), 81-90. Hamilton, B. and Scandura, T. A. (2003) E-Mentoring: Implications for Organizational. Learning and Development in a Wired World. Organizational Dynamics, 31(4), 388-402. Hart, R. and McLeod, P. (2003) Rethinking team building in geographically dispersed teams: One message at a time. Organizational Dynamics, 31, 352-361 Hertel, G., Geister, S and Konradt, O. (2005) Managing virtual teams: A review of current empirical research. Human Resource Management Review, 15, 69-95. Jarvenpaa, S. and Leidner, D. (1999) Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams. Organization Science, 10 (6), 791-815. Kramer, R. (2005) Developing Global Leaders: Enhancing Competencies and Accelerating the Expatriate Experience. New York: New York Publishers. Linkow, P. (2008) Meeting the Challenges of Dispersed Workforce: Managing Across Language, Culture, Time and Location. Management Journal, 2(1), pp. 23-27. Oertig, M. and Buergi, T. (2006) The Challenges of Managing Cross-Cultural Virtual Project Teams. Team Performance Management, 12(1/2), 23-30. Pauleen, D. (2003) Leadership in a global virtual team: an action learning approach. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 24 (3), 153-162. Rosen, B., Furst, S. and Blackburn, R. (2007) Overcoming barriers to knowledge sharing in virtual teams. Organizational Dynamics, 36(3), 259-273. McCuiston, V., Wooldridge, B. and Pierce, C. (2004) Leading the diverse workforce. Leadership Organization Development, 25(1), 73-92 Schnake, M. (2007) An integrative model of effort propensity. Human Resource Management Review, 17, pp. 274289. Stark, E. and Bierly, P. (2009) An analysis of predictors of team satisfaction in product development teams with differing levels of virtualness. RD Management, 39(5), 461-472.